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Figurative Meaning
The magic spades of archaeology have given us the whole lost world of Egypt. 译1：考古学家们的工作让我们了解整个古埃 及的情况。 译2：?
11
Figurative Meaning
7
Formal Meaning (Equivalence in Form)
Eight years in the broadcasting business had made him deft at such maneuvering. 译一：在广播界所干的八年使得他相当熟悉这 套把戏了。 译二：?
8
6
The Variety of Forms in English
John criticized Bill. Bill was criticized by John. John’s criticism of Bill. Bill’s being criticized by John. The criticism of Bill by John. Bill’s criticism by John. The criticizing of Bill by John. It was John who criticized Bill. It was Bill who was criticized by John.
He crashed down on a protesting chair. And as to the chapter of accidents which
Formal Meaning (Equivalence in Form)
Better late than the late.
“It’s an order from President Bush.” “I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.”
We had plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists – and dust.
Mark Twain A Tramp Abre door open. The little boat nosed carefully between rocks.
所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体（风格）在译语中用最 贴近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
1
Conceptive Meaning
On the wall of a church in England there is a sign that says, “A vision without a task is but a dream, a task without a vision is drudgery, a vision and a task are the hope of the world.”
The meaning of the word is its use in the language.
Ludwig Wittgenstein, British Philosopher, 1889-1951
4
Contextual Meaning
Love Story: Jenny to Oliver
Where do I begin to tell the story of how great a love can be. The sweet love story that is older than the sea, the simple truth about the love she brings to me. Where do I start?
“You’re driving like a madman,” Jenny said. “You’ll kill us before your parents can murder us.”
5
Contextual Meaning
Bernadine knew they were telling the truth. Her mother could be a bitch sometimes, but Geneva loved her grandchildren. She just had a strange way of showing it. After driving a school bus for twenty-eight years, she was sick of kids. Her grandchildren were two exceptions, although sometimes Geneva had to tell herself that they were blood.
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容 准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
Translating is the translating of meaning. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
2
Hitler: “In three weeks English will be hung the neck like chickens.”
Churchill: “Some chicken, some neck.”
3
Contextual Meaning
吕叔湘： 任何语言里的任何一句话，它的意义决不等于一个一个 字的意义的总和，而还多些什么。按数学上的道理，二 加二只能等于四，不能等于五。语言里可不是这样。