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导数的概念及运算

导数的概念及运算一、选择题1.设曲线y=e ax-ln(x+1)在x=0处的切线方程为2x-y+1=0,则a=( )A.0B.1C.2D.3解析∵y=e ax-ln(x+1),∴y′=a e ax-1x+1,∴当x=0时,y′=a-1.∵曲线y=e ax-ln(x+1)在x=0处的切线方程为2x-y+1=0,∴a-1=2,即a=3.故选D.答案 D2.若f(x)=2xf′(1)+x2,则f′(0)等于( )A.2B.0C.-2D.-4解析∵f′(x)=2f′(1)+2x,∴令x=1,得f′(1)=-2,∴f′(0)=2f′(1)=-4.答案 D3.(2017·西安质测)曲线f(x)=x3-x+3在点P处的切线平行于直线y=2x-1,则P点的坐标为( )A.(1,3)B.(-1,3)C.(1,3)和(-1,3)D.(1,-3)解析f′(x)=3x2-1,令f′(x)=2,则3x2-1=2,解得x=1或x=-1,∴P(1,3)或(-1,3),经检验,点(1,3),(-1,3)均不在直线y=2x-1上,故选C.答案 C4.(2017·石家庄调研)已知曲线y=ln x的切线过原点,则此切线的斜率为( )A.eB.-eC.1e D.-1e解析y=ln x的定义域为(0,+∞),且y′=1x,设切点为(x0,ln x0),则y′|x=x0=1x,切线方程为y-ln x0=1x(x-x0),因为切线过点(0,0),所以-ln x 0=-1,解得x 0=e ,故此切线的斜率为1e .答案 C5.(2016·郑州质检)已知y =f (x )是可导函数,如图,直线y =kx +2是曲线y =f (x )在x =3处的切线,令g (x )=xf (x ),g ′(x )是g (x )的导函数,则g ′(3)=( )A.-1B.0C.2D.4解析 由题图可知曲线y =f (x )在x =3处切线的斜率等于-13,∴f ′(3)=-13,∵g (x )=xf (x ),∴g ′(x )=f (x )+xf ′(x ),∴g ′(3)=f (3)+3f ′(3),又由题图可知f (3)=1,所以g ′(3)=1+3×⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫-13=0.答案 B 二、填空题6.(2015·天津卷)已知函数f (x )=ax ln x ,x ∈(0,+∞),其中a 为实数,f ′(x )为f (x )的导函数,若f ′(1)=3,则a 的值为________.解析 f ′(x )=a ⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫ln x +x ·1x =a (1+ln x ),由于f ′(1)=a (1+ln 1)=a ,又f ′(1)=3,所以a =3. 答案 37.(2016·全国Ⅲ卷)已知f (x )为偶函数,当x <0时,f (x )=ln(-x )+3x ,则曲线y =f (x )在点(1,-3)处的切线方程是________.解析 设x >0,则-x <0,f (-x )=ln x -3x ,又f (x )为偶函数,f (x )=lnx -3x ,f ′(x )=1x -3,f ′(1)=-2,切线方程为y =-2x -1.答案 2x +y +1=08.(2015·陕西卷)设曲线y =e x在点(0,1)处的切线与曲线y =1x(x >0)上点P处的切线垂直,则P 的坐标为________.解析 y ′=e x ,曲线y =e x 在点(0,1) 处的切线的斜率k 1=e 0=1,设P (m ,n ),y =1x (x >0)的导数为y ′=-1x 2(x >0),曲线y =1x (x >0)在点P 处的切线斜率k 2=-1m2(m >0),因为两切线垂直,所以k 1k 2=-1,所以m =1,n =1,则点P 的坐标为(1,1). 答案 (1,1) 三、解答题9.(2017·长沙调研)已知点M 是曲线y =13x 3-2x 2+3x +1上任意一点,曲线在M 处的切线为l ,求: (1)斜率最小的切线方程;(2)切线l 的倾斜角α的取值范围.解 (1)y ′=x 2-4x +3=(x -2)2-1≥-1, ∴当x =2时,y ′=-1,y =53,∴斜率最小的切线过点⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫2,53,斜率k =-1,∴切线方程为3x +3y -11=0. (2)由(1)得k ≥-1,∴tan α≥-1, 又∵α∈[0,π),∴α∈⎣⎢⎡⎭⎪⎫0,π2∪⎣⎢⎡⎭⎪⎫3π4,π. 故α的取值范围为⎣⎢⎡⎭⎪⎫0,π2∪⎣⎢⎡⎭⎪⎫3π4,π. 10.已知曲线y =13x 3+43.(1)求曲线在点P (2,4)处的切线方程; (2)求曲线过点P (2,4)的切线方程.解 (1)∵P (2,4)在曲线y =13x 3+43上,且y ′=x 2,∴在点P (2,4)处的切线的斜率为y ′|x =2=4. ∴曲线在点P (2,4)处的切线方程为y -4=4(x -2), 即4x -y -4=0.(2)设曲线y =13x 3+43与过点P (2,4)的切线相切于点A ⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫x 0,13x 30+43,则切线的斜率为y ′|x =x 0=x 20.∴切线方程为y -⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫13x 30+43=x 20(x -x 0),即y =x 20·x -23x 30+43.∵点P (2,4)在切线上,∴4=2x 20-23x 30+43,即x 30-3x 20+4=0,∴x 30+x 20-4x 20+4=0,∴x 20(x 0+1)-4(x 0+1)(x 0-1)=0,∴(x 0+1)(x 0-2)2=0,解得x 0=-1或x 0=2,故所求的切线方程为x -y +2=0或4x -y -4=0.11.已知f 1(x )=sin x +cos x ,f n +1(x )是f n (x )的导函数,即f 2(x )=f 1′(x ),f 3(x )=f ′2(x ),…,f n +1(x )=f n ′(x ),n ∈N *,则f 2 017(x )等于( ) A.-sin x -cos x B.sin x -cos x C.-sin x +cos xD.sin x +cos x解析 ∵f 1(x )=sin x +cos x , ∴f 2(x )=f 1′(x )=cos x -sin x , ∴f 3(x )=f 2′(x )=-sin x -cos x , ∴f 4(x )=f 3′(x )=-cos x +sin x , ∴f 5(x )=f 4′(x )=sin x +cos x , ∴f n (x )是以4为周期的函数,∴f 2 017(x )=f 1(x )=sin x +cos x ,故选D. 答案 D12.已知函数f (x )=g (x )+x 2,曲线y =g (x )在点(1,g (1))处的切线方程为y =2x +1,则曲线y =f (x )在点(1,f (1))处的切线的斜率为( ) A.4B.-14C.2D.-12解析 f ′(x )=g ′(x )+2x .∵y =g (x )在点(1,g (1))处的切线方程为y =2x +1,∴g ′(1)=2,∴f ′(1)=g ′(1)+2×1=2+2=4, ∴曲线y =f (x )在点(1,f (1))处的切线的斜率为4.答案 A13.(2016·全国Ⅱ卷)若直线y =kx +b 是曲线y =ln x +2的切线,也是曲线y =ln(x +1)的切线,则b =________.解析 y =ln x +2的切线为:y =1x 1·x +ln x 1+1(设切点横坐标为x 1).y =ln(x +1)的切线为:y =1x 2+1x +ln(x 2+1)-x 2x 2+1(设切点横坐标为x 2).∴⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧1x 1=1x 2+1,ln x 1+1=ln (x 2+1)-x2x 2+1,解得x 1=12,x 2=-12,∴b =ln x 1+1=1-ln 2.答案 1-ln 214.设函数f (x )=ax -b x,曲线y =f (x )在点(2,f (2))处的切线方程为7x -4y -12=0.(1)求f (x )的解析式;(2)曲线f (x )上任一点处的切线与直线x =0和直线y =x 所围成的三角形面积为定值,并求此定值.解 (1)方程7x -4y -12=0可化为y =74x -3,当x =2时,y =12.又f ′(x )=a +bx 2,于是⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧2a -b 2=12,a +b 4=74,解得⎩⎨⎧a =1,b =3.故f (x )=x -3x .(2)设P (x 0,y 0)为曲线上任一点,由y ′=1+3x 2知曲线在点P (x 0,y 0)处的切线方程为y -y 0=⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫1+3x 20(x -x 0),即y -⎝⎛⎭⎪⎫x 0-3x 0=⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫1+3x 20(x -x 0).令x =0,得y =-6x 0,从而得切线与直线x =0的交点坐标为⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫0,-6x 0.令y =x ,得y =x =2x 0,从而得切线与直线y =x 的交点坐标为(2x 0,2x 0).所以点P (x 0,y 0)处的切线与直线x =0,y =x 所围成的三角形的面积为S =12⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪-6x 0|2x 0|=6. 故曲线y =f (x )上任一点处的切线与直线x =0,y =x 所围成的三角形面积为定值,且此定值为6.。

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