酸中毒性大呼吸
（Kussmaul呼吸）
1. 机制: 血中代谢产物↑，强烈刺激呼吸中枢 2. 特点: 呼吸深长而规则，常伴鼾声 3. 常见疾病: 尿毒症
糖尿病酮症酸中毒
血液病
重度贫血 高铁血红蛋白血症
血液中的红细胞携氧能力↓→缺氧
机制：
血液病
1. RBC携O2量↓，血氧含量↓- R↑ 2. 缺血与BP↓—刺激呼中枢—R↑
心源性呼吸困难
左心衰竭呼吸困难机制
各种心脏病出现严重心功能不全 （心力衰竭、肺淤 血时）→肺通气不足（肺泡弹性降低使肺活量）； 肺弥散（肺水肿）→缺氧；肺泡张力高，刺激肺牵 张感受器→呼吸中枢兴奋。
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
五、呼 吸 困 难
Dyspnea
安徽理工大学护理学系 胡友莹
呼吸困难定义
患者自觉空气不足、呼吸费力 ，有以下表现：
➢ 呼吸频率、深度、节律改变 ➢ 张口呼吸 ➢ 端坐呼吸 ➢ 紫绀
病因分类
1.肺源性呼吸困难 2. 心源性呼吸困难 3. 中毒性呼吸困难 4.血液性呼吸困难 5.神经精神性呼吸困难
呼吸系统疾病
问诊要点
1．呼吸困难的临床特点：起病缓急与持续时 间、类型以及与活动和体位的关系
2．呼吸困难的严重程度及其对日常生活活动 的影响（轻、中、重度）
3．有无引起呼吸困难相关的疾病史及诱因 4．诊断、治疗与护理经过
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
常见：中度贫血、高Fe血红蛋白血症大
出血或休克时
神经精神因素
呼吸中枢功能障碍
癔病----神经官能症
神经系疾病：颅脑疾病（外伤、出血、肿瘤 等）→颅内高压 →呼吸节律、频率改变伴有 鼾音。
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
通气--换气障碍
1.胸廓疾病 2.气道阻塞 3.肺部疾病 4.神经肌肉疾病 5.膈肌运动障碍
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
锁骨上窝
肋间 隙
三凹征
胸骨上窝
循环系统
各种原因导致的心力衰竭
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
左心衰竭呼吸困难特点
1. 活动时出现或加重，休息时减轻或缓解 2. 仰卧时加重，坐位时减轻（回心血量↓
膈肌位置↓） 强迫体位（端坐呼吸） 3. 夜间阵发性呼吸困难
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
夜间阵发性呼吸困难
夜间睡眠中突感胸闷、憋气、惊醒、被迫坐起、数分钟 或数十分钟缓解。重症伴有气喘、发绀、吐粉红色泡沫 痰，肺底部湿罗音，心脏出现奔马律（心源性哮喘）
机制： 1. 迷走神经↑ 冠状A收缩
2. 回心血量↑
心肌供血↓ 肺淤血加重
心功↓
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
肺性呼吸困难临床分类
吸气性 呼气性
吸气 呼气
吸气时间延长 呈三凹征
呼气时间延长
上气道梗阻
下呼吸道阻塞 肺泡弹性减弱
混合性 吸气与呼气 病理性呼吸音 换气功能障碍
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
肺性呼吸困难的发生机制
呼吸系统疾病导致通气、换气功能障碍 缺O2和（或）CO2↑
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control sy stem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy stem are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.