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05+利率行为



The Federal Reserve uses open market operations to influence the supply of money in the U.S. to make the federal funds effective rate follow the federal funds target rate. The target value is known as the neutral federal funds rate. At this rate, growth rate of real GDP is stable in relation to Long Run Aggregate Supply at the expected inflation rate.
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债券的供给与
需求 Supply and
Demand Analysis of the Bond Market
Market Equilibrium 1. Occurs when B = B , at P* = $850, i* = 17.6% 2. When P = $950, i = s d 5.3%, B > B (excess supply): P to P*, i to i* 3. When P = $750, i = d s 33.0, B > B (excess demand): P to P*, i to i*
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Shibor
2015-10-14 9:30 O/N 1W 2W 1M 期限 3M 6M 1.9000 2.3970 2.7420 3.0870 Shibor(%) 3.1860 3.3530 0.00 0.00 0.20
涨跌(BP)0.30
0.35 0.49
9M 1Y
3.3610 3.4140 提示: 点击期限品种查看历史走势

预期通胀—预期通胀率的上升(导致不动产等其他资产预期回 报率增加)降低了债券的相对预期回报率(实际利率),导致
债券需求下降,债券需求曲线向左位移。
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债券需求曲线的位移(2-2)

风险—债券风险的上升导致债券需求下降,需求曲线向左位移。
其他替代性资产风险的上升导致债券需求上升,债券需求曲线向 右位移。
d d d d
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供给曲线
Derivation of Bond Supply Curve
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Point F: P = $750, i = 33.0%, B = $100 billion
Point G: P = $800, i = 25.0%, B = $200 billion
Point C: P = $850, i = 17.6%, B = $300 billion
0.00 0.10
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2013 三名美国经济学家获奖诺贝尔经济学奖


美国经济学家尤金· 法马、拉尔斯· 皮特· 汉森以及 罗伯特· J· 席勒获奖。 该奖以表彰他们对“资产价格的经验主义分析” 作出的贡献。
资产需求的决定因素

财富:—个人拥有的全部资源,包括全部资产。 预期回报率(Expected Return):一种资产相对于其他 替代性资产的预期回报率(即预期下个阶段的回报率)。


风险(Risk):种资产相对于其他对资产的风险(回报的 不确定性程度)。

流动性(Liquidity):种资产相对于其他替代性资产的
流动性(资产转化为现金的容易程度和速度)。
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资产需求理论
假定其他因素不变:
1.
资产需求数量与财富规模正向相关;
2.
资产需求数量与其相对于其他替代性资产的预期回报
率正向相关;


Australian dollar (AUD) Canadian dollar (CAD) Swiss franc (CHF) Danish krone (DKK)
Euro (EUR) British pound sterling (GBP) Japanese yen (JPY) New Zealand dollar (NZD)
会下降,推动债券供给曲线向左位移。

预期通货膨胀—预期通货膨胀率上升会增加债券供给(降低企业 实际募资成本),推动债券供给曲线向右位移。

政府预算—政府赤字越大,债券的供给量就越大,推动供给曲线
向右位移。另一方面,政府盈余会减少债券供给量,推动供给曲
线向左位移。
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预期通货膨胀的上升会引起利率的上升——费雪效应。如果要达到降低利率的目的, 就应当将通货膨胀率控制在较低的水平上。
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债券需求曲线的位移(1-2)

财富—在经济周期的扩张阶段,随着财富增长,债券需求量随 之增加,需求曲线向右位移。同理,在经济周期的衰退阶段, 随着财富减少,债券需求量随之萎缩,需求曲线向左位移。

预期回报率—对未来利率较高的预期(导致所持债券价格下跌) 会降低长期债券的预期回报率,减少债券需求,引起需求曲线 向左位移。对未来利率较低的预期会增加对长期债券的需求, 导致需求曲线向右位移。
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d
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市场均衡

在给定价格上,当人们愿意购买(需求)的数量与人们愿意
出售(供给)的数量相等时,就实现市场均衡( market
equilibrium )。

当Bd = Bs →均衡(市场出清,market clearing)价格与利率; 当Bd > Bs→超额需求(excess demand)→价格上升、利率下降; 当Bd < Bs →超额供给(excess supply)→价格下降、利率上升;
第五章te

the federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions actively trade balances held at the Federal Reserve, called federal funds, with each other, usually overnight, on an uncollateralized basis. The interest rate that the borrowing bank pays to the lending bank to borrow the funds is negotiated between the two banks, and the weighted average of this rate across all such transactions is the federal funds effective rate.
3.
资产需求数量与其相对于其他替代性资产的回报率风
险负向相关;
4.
资产需求数量与其相对于其他替代性资产的流动性程
度正向相关;
5.

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债券市场的供给与需求

在其他经济变量(例如收入、其他资产的预期回报率、风
险和流动性)不变情况下,价格越低,债券的预期回报率 越高,其需求量也就越大。

在其他经济变量(例如收入、其他资产的预期回报率、风 险和流动性)不变情况下,价格越低,债券的预期回报率 越高,其供给量就越小。
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Libor

The London Interbank Offered Rate is the average interest rate estimated by leading banks in London that they would be charged if borrowing from other banks. abbreviated to Libor ( /ˈlaɪbɔr/) or LIBOR, or more officially to BBA Libor (for British Bankers' Association Libor) or the trademark bbalibor. It is the primary benchmark, along with the Euribor, for short term interest rates around the world. Libor rates are calculated for ten currencies and 15 borrowing periods ranging from overnight to one year and are published daily at 11:30 am (London time) by Thomson Reuters. Many financial institutions, mortgage lenders and credit card agencies set their own rates relative to it. At least $350 trillion in derivatives and other financial products are tied to the Libor.

Shibor报价银行团由18家商业银行组成。报价银行是公开市场一级交易商或 外汇市场做市商,在中国货币市场上人民币交易相对活跃、信息披露比较充 分的银行。

每个交易日根据各报价行的报价,剔除最高、最低各4家报价,对其余报价 进行算术平均计算后,得出每一期限品种的Shibor,并于11:30对外发布。

流动性—债券流动性的增强导致债券需求上升,需求曲线向右位 移;同理,其他替代性资产流动性的增强减少对债券需求,引起 需求曲线向左位移。
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