red white yellow blue green black
风俗习惯
社会政治
working class peasant
文化艺术
dragon, dog, phoenix, magpie, owl, bat, crane,
比喻中的文化差异
as strong as a horse wet like a drowned rat as stupid as a goose birds of a feather as easy as winking like a hen on a hot girdle
person having a different bias. 借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论是一个很
好的计划。
英语重短语，汉语轻短语
I have never met a person so difficult to understand as my husband.
我还从没遇到过像我丈夫这么难以理解的人。
小国人民一定能够战胜大国的侵略,只要他们敢于 起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运。
小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自 己国家的命运，就一定能战胜大国的侵略。
英语静态语言，汉语动态语言
英语——非谓语动词
省略动词
将动词名词化
使用动词的同源名词、同源形容词等
汉语——动词无形态变化
英汉十大差异
英语重形合，汉语重意合
汉语（流水句法）
以意思连接独立的单句 彼此的逻辑关系以句序先后加以暗示
英语（竹节句法）
以连接词连接单句
英语重形合，汉语重意合
1. Because it is late, I must leave. It is late, I must leave.
翻译的条件
掌握必要的翻译理论和技巧
加强两种语言的修养，拓宽知识面
译精于勤
“三要”, “三不要”
“三要”
词义 结构 文化背景
“三不要” 逐字死译
逻辑连贯失调
炫耀文笔
汉英文化比较与翻译
历史背景
wife, deer,
If that picture is genuine，I am a Dutchman.
短语），意为“多此一举”，“徒劳无功”。纽 卡斯尔是英国的产煤中心和煤输出港口，运煤去 此地显然是“徒劳无功”。
地理环境
Foggy Bottom: 【口】雾谷（美国国务院的谑称，以讽刺
该院发言人的发言经常模糊不清）。
United States Department of State, which is housed in a building in a low-lying area of Washington near the Potomac River
地理环境
carry coals to Newcastle Foggy Bottom Ode to the West Wind cast an anchor to windward as close as an oyster
地理环境
carry coals to Newcastle: 【误译】把煤运送到纽卡斯尔去了。 【原意】多此一举。 【说明】carry coals to Newcastle是口语（动词
英语前重心,汉语后重心
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.
英语前重心,汉语后重心
The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.
这本书已译成了好几国语言。
2、 行为对象比行为者重要。
The work must be finished before Christmas.
这个工作必须在圣诞节前完成。
英语多被动，汉语多主动
3、 因故不愿说出行为者。
It is generally considered not advisable to act
2. An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.
There was an Englishman. He could not speak Chinese. He was once traveling in China.
比喻中的文化差异
the apple of one’s eye have a mind crammed with knowledge as blind as a bat no smoke without fire cry up wine and sell vinegar as white as a sheet as deaf as a post
地理环境
Ode to the West Wind：雪 莱【西风颂】
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind ?
地理环境
cast an anchor to windward 未雨绸缪； 为安全采取预防措施 as close as an oyster 守口如瓶
that way.
大家认为这样做是不妥当的。
4. 保持前后一致。
They are going to build an apartment house here
next year.
It is going to be built beside the Office
Building.
他们明年在这里要修建一座住宅楼，就修在办公
宗教信仰
Black Friday 13 Love is blind.
宗教信仰
Love is blind: 爱是盲目的
奥林匹斯山的众神中，最叫人无可奈何的，就是 小爱神丘比特（古希腊名字厄洛斯，罗马名丘比 特）。丘比特一直被人们喻为爱情的象征，相传 他有头非常美丽的金发，雪白娇嫩的脸蛋，还有 一对可以自由自在飞翔的翅膀，丘比特和他母亲 爱神阿芙洛狄忒一起主管神、人的爱情和婚姻。 不过他与母亲阿芙洛狄忒不同，阿芙洛狄忒代表 的是理性的爱，而丘比特代表的是疯狂的爱。丘 比特的图片多为蒙眼，以寓意Love is blind。
只能使用动词本身表达动作
英语静态语言，汉语动态语言
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.
I am afraid of you misunderstanding me. That would be the confirmation that it was
in general use.
The very sight of it makes me nervous.
英语重物称,作或无生命事物的词语
汉语句子的主语
首选能施行动或有生命的物体
英语重物称,汉语重人称
A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.
as thick as thieves as drunk as a fiddler as true as death as mad as a wet hen to look for a needle in a hay stack at a stone’s throw
比喻中的文化差异
dumb as an oyster as close as an oyster as timid as a hare as like as two peas like a rat in a hole sleep like a log
楼旁边。
英语多被动，汉语多主动
汉语被动范围相对狭窄，存在被动关系并 不采用被动句常见。
The problem has been solved.
问题解决了。
英语多复合长句， 汉语多简单短句
英语——“多枝共干”式长句
复合句
汉语——短句、简单句
英语多复合长句
汉语多简单短句
As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.
You must stand up for your friend.
你得支持你的朋友。
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
对敌人的仁慈就是对人民的残忍。
Mary is considering changing her job.
比喻中的文化差异
black sheep to cast pearls before swine as stubborn as a mule as poor as a church mouse as sick as a dog as straight as an arrow
比喻中的文化差异
饰成分之前
英语重后饰，汉语重前饰
The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt.